Dynamic compaction (DC) is a widely used soil improvement method in dry and/or saturated soils. The design of DC treatment is usually carried out based on the past experiences and empirical relations. In order to clarify the ambiguities in DC processes, numerical modeling of DC in dry granular soils has been considered using a dynamic finite element code. Using the developed model, two design curves for determination of effective PRINT SPACING (distance between two neighboring drop points) in dynamic compaction of dry sandy soils are proposed. A case history of dynamic compaction project is analyzed and the obtained results show that the developed design curves have good capability for determination of PRINT SPACING

Introduction Payment system nowadays are encouraged to more toward electronic pay Payments, with low cost and high convenience for making Payments. Beside the Promoting of Policy towards e-payment, cash denomination should be considered and restructured cash denomination to be compatible with the real demand especially when there are various changes in circumstances such as e-payment usage, price level, and social performances. This paper examines optimal currency denomination structure from the cost and cash payment efficiency perspective, focusing on banknotes in Iran. The study proposes conceptual methodology together with empirical study and numerical analysis for Iran. Theoretical framework One of the tasks of central banks is to issue sufficient stock of banknotes and coins to respond the market demand. This also entails modernizing from time to time the banknotes’ security features. It seems that in the situation of absence of changes in the currency denomination structure in Iran. There is a need to analyses its denomination structure in terms of its correspondence with the prevailing economic conditions. Central banks worldwide not only perform a periodical review of banknotes’ security features in the face of ongoing advances in counterfeiting techniques: the central banks’ practice also involves the review of parameters determining the currency denomination structure, such as values of the lowest denomination coins and the highest denomination banknotes, the boundary between banknotes and coins and the number of denominations. All of them are analyzed in detail in this paper. An additional parameter should also be distinguished, namely the so-called SPACING of denominations, which is analyzed, among others, by Wynne (1997), Van Hove (2001) and Tschoegl (2001). This parameter changed, for example, in Netherlands as a result of the launch of the euro in 2002: the 1– 2. 5– 5 system used in the case of the Dutch guilder was replaced with the 1– 2– 5 euro system. Iran currency already follows the 1– 2– 5 system and there is no need to deal with this problem. he decision about the modification of the denomination structure by the introduction new notes almost coincided with the debate about the rationality of keeping the highest denominations in circulation. To exemplify the emotions surrounding these debates, let us quote Charles Goodhart, who called the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank “ shameless” for issuing “ vastly high denomination notes” , namely the EUR 500 and CHF 1, 000, “ which are there to finance the drug deals. ” 2 Another example comes from The Washington Post, where Summers (2016), writing and citing a working paper by Sands (2016), extended the indictment to the USD 100 bill: “ it too is used by criminals, so let’ s get rid of it. ” Less emotional and more matter-of-fact analyses of the issue can also be found. One of these is certainly the latest report of Europol (2015) entitled unambiguously Why is cash still king? Van Hove, Vuchelen (1996b) and Van Hove (2007) suggested that the ECB should place the upper limit of its banknote series at EUR 50 instead of EUR 500. Among opposite opinions were those voiced, among others, by Antti Heinonen, former head of the ECB’ s Directorate, Banknotes, who said: “ Clearly cash is used by criminals because it is an anonymous instrument. But to say that it would be more difficult to commit a crime if we didn’ t have high denomination notes would be to confuse cause and effect. If we didn’ t have the higher denominations, criminals would use the lower denominations – or other global currencies, such as the US dollar or Swiss franc. ” (Atkins 2006). A reasonable stance in this matter was taken by, among others, Rogoff (2015), who besides the above-mentioned benefits of withdrawing cash, presented a set of arguments for its preservation: 3Even though cashless payment instruments are proliferating and there is talk of the expected demise of cash, the latter is still widely used, The sharp rise in cash in circulation, especially over the last few years, makes it interesting to take a closer look at its most important characteristic – the denomination structure. In this study we analyses this structure with the use of the D-Metric model in the context of NBP’ s recent decision to introduce the new banknote. A comparative analysis is also performed of the structure of the domestic currency with the structures observed in other countries. We show that the denomination structure of the Iran currency has been almost UN suitable to the prevailing economic conditions. The decision about the introduction of the new higher denomination note seems to be an element of adjusting the denomination structure to the conditions in Iran. Result and discussion In this study we analyses denomination structure in Iran by using the D-Metric model to introduce the new bank note. A comparative analysis is also performed of the structure of the domestic currency with the structures observed in other countries. We show that the denomination structure of IRAN isn't suitable and also the current denomination structure in Iran is not optimal. It’ s necessary to say, one the most important factor that impact on the denominate structure in Iran is inflation. In fact because high inflation denomination continually is changing and the central bank can't have the same speed to coordinate the changes. The result also show that minimum 4 low denomination have been deleted from deal and IRAN need enter new denominations as bank note. 5- Conclusion and suggestion This paper examines optimal currency denomination structure from the cost and cash payment efficiency perspective, focusing on banknotes. The study proposes conceptual methodology together with empirical study and numerical analysis for Iran. At the following some of the most important suggestion have been presented. Introducing a 20000 rial new banknote, because between denomination 10000 rial and 500000 rail is empty space and this issue will be resulted to impress on the 10000 rial domination and a side effect more cost for central bank. The 10000 rial banknote should be change from banknote to coin And a 10000 rial new coin and after that 20000 rial must be introduced. 3-the average time for introducing new denomination in IRAN is 10 year and this time should be shorter. The speed of this process depend on inflation rate.

Paper and ink characteristics effects on PRINT density were investigated.  For this purpose three types of papers and four types of PRINTing inks at 2 viscosities levels (25-30, 50-55) were used. After measuring of paper and ink characteristics, chosen paper were PRINTed by inks and then PRINTing density was measured. Statistical analysis was conducted based on a complete randomized design in factorial experimental model and means were analyzed and grouped by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS software. Result indicated that solid content, pH and particles diameter of inks have significant effect on PRINT density. While roughness and water absorption of papers do not have on significantly influences on PRINT density. There was not any significant difference between two viscosity levels and PRINT density.

Identification and Verification using fingerPRINT has direct relation with quality of fingerPRINT. In this paper، novel method is proposed to enhance the quality of fingerPRINT using Arc-Gabor filter bank. Indeed proposed filter bank is an adaptive version of standard filter bank for fingerPRINT. Evaluating the ability of proposed method is done using two methods. In the first method، results of verification and identification using normalized histogram of Binarized Statistical Image Feature (BSIF) are compared for the fingerPRINTs before and after using proposed method. And in the second method، Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is used. Two databases DBI and DBII are used for evaluation. Using proposed method، for verification Equal Error Rate، are decrease from (15. 89% and 11. 70%) to (11. 35% and 8. 00%)، respectively، and for identification، 1st rank correct recognition rate are increased from (69. 28% and 71. 16%) to (78. 80% and 81. 70%)، respectively. Average values of PSNR for enhanced fingerPRINT using proposed methods are more than other version of Gabor filter.

Attitude determination of a moving platform, i.e. roll, pitch, and heading, is one of the essential issues in hydrographic surveying. Commonly, the attitude parameters are measured by motion reference units (MRUs) that are installed onboard the platform. Indeed, in order for bathymetry, the accuracy of the onboard MRU must be in agreement with the corresponding IHO standards. As an alternative method, on the other hand, the platform attitudes can reliably be determined via GPS phase observations. Therefore, GPS-based methods for determining the attitudes can be regarded as a suitable experimental tool for quality control of onboard MRUs. In this contribution, a new GPS-based method is presented for quality assessment of MRU. The proposed method can algorithmically be explained as follows: (i) Establishment of a GPS antenna at berth near to the field operation area. (ii) Installation of four GPS antennae onboard the vessel. (iii) Realization of the body frame (b-frame) with the origin at one of the onboard antennae, hereafter Ant. 1, and measurements of the b-frame coordinates of the other onboard antennae. (iv) Starting GPS observations at about 20 minutes before departure for ambiguity resolution, while the vessel is moored at the berth. (v) Sailing from minimum to maximum cruise speed while GPS and MRU observations are going on. (vi). Realization of a local level frame (ℓℓ-frame) at Ant. 1 as well as transformation of the GPS geocentric coordinates to the established ℓℓ-frame. (vii) Using GPS observations to compute the attitude parameters and the corresponding precisions based on the least squares. (viii) Comparing the GPS-derived attitude parameters with those derived by the onboard MRU. (ix) Estimation of the accuracy and bias of the MRU. As the case study, the presented method is applied to 27-meter long survey vessel of National Geographic Organization (NGO) based on four dual-frequency Javad GNSS receivers with choke-ring antennae in the surrounding waters of Kish harbor at different cruise speeds ranging from 5 to 12 knots. Numerical results asserted achievement of mean precisions of 28", 28" and 17" for the pitch, roll and heading, respectively, using carrier phase observations according to the proposed procedure. Moreover, the estimated accuracies for the pitch, roll and heading of the onboard MRU are 7.5', 7.7' and 32.6', respectively. Furthermore, the correction coefficients were computed for the pitch, roll and heading of the onboard MRU. The overall results approved the efficiency of the proposed method to reliably derive the attitudes of moving platforms.